Alliance theory is like when you and your friends make a team to play a game together. It means that you work together and help each other out, so that you can be stronger than if you were playing alone.
In the real world, countries sometimes make alliances too. It's when two or more countries agree to work together and help each other out when they need it. They might do this for different reasons, like to protect themselves from a bigger or stronger country, or to trade resources with each other.
Like how you and your friends might have a plan before playing a game, countries in an alliance will also talk about what they are going to do and how they can help each other out. Sometimes they might even make promises to go to war together if one of them is attacked.
Alliance theory helps us understand how countries interact with each other and make decisions as a group, just like how you and your friends work together to have fun on the playground.