So imagine you have a group of friends who all come from different countries and speak different languages. Sometimes it's hard for all of you to understand each other, right? Well, the Declaration on the Common Language is like an agreement that your friends make to use a language that everyone can understand when you're all together.
In the same way, countries in the European Union have different languages too, but they want to be able to work together and make decisions that everyone can understand. So they made a declaration saying that they will use a common language (which is usually English, but can also be French or German) to make it easier to communicate and work together.
It's like a team coming together and agreeing to use one playbook so that everyone knows what they're supposed to do, even if they come from different places and have different ways of doing things.