A deprivation index is like a measuring tool that tells us how much people in a certain area are struggling compared to others. Imagine you have a big jar of candies and you ask your friends to reach in and take one. Some of your friends might grab 5 or 6 candies, but some might only get 1 or 2 if they were slow or if the other friends took all the good ones first. This is kind of like how people in different areas can have different access to things like money, education, healthcare, and job opportunities.
A deprivation index measures all the different ways people might be struggling in a certain area, like if they have low incomes or if they live in unsafe housing. It looks at all the different candies in the jar and counts up which ones people are missing out on. Then it compares those numbers to other areas, so we can see which places have more or less of these problems. This helps researchers and policymakers figure out what areas might need more support and resources to help people have a fair chance at a good life.