The fifty-move rule is like a game rule in chess that says that if fifty moves happen where nobody takes another piece or moves a pawn, then the game is over and it's a draw.
But what's a move? When a player moves a piece around the board, that's one move. And what does it mean to take a piece? When one piece captures another, the captured piece is removed from the board.
So, if for fifty moves, no pieces get captured and no one moves a pawn, then someone can call "draw" and the game is over. This rule is in place to stop games from going on for too long without anyone winning.