The Industrial and Provident Societies Partnership Act of 1852 was a law made a very long time ago in England that helped people who wanted to work together in groups to do business.
Imagine that you and your friends love making and selling lemonade, and you want to start a business together. When you do this, you become a group called a "participation group," also known as a "co-operative." This means that you have to work together to make and sell your lemonade, and you will all share in the earnings.
The Industrial and Provident Societies Partnership Act said that groups like yours could register with the government and become something called an "industrial and provident society." This meant that your group could become a formal business recognized by the government, just like a big company.
Becoming an industrial and provident society meant that you and your friends would have the same rights as any other business in the eyes of the law. You could set up bank accounts, borrow money, enter into contracts, and own property, just like a big business, without needing to have lots of money or meet other complicated requirements.
Basically, the Industrial and Provident Societies Partnership Act made it easier for people to start and run businesses together as a group, rather than having to do it all alone.