Imagine you have a special case for your toys. You put them inside it to say that they are "in" the case. Similarly, inessive case is a special case for words in some languages which shows that they are "in" something.
For example, "I am in the house" would use the inessive case for the word "house" to show that I am inside it. We can also use the inessive case for some other words, like "on the table" (showing something is on top of the table) or "under the bed" (showing something is below the bed).
Different languages have different cases, and some have more cases than others. Inessive case is just one of many cases that can be used to show the location of something.