A matronymic is a name that is derived from the name of a person's mother, instead of their father. It's like having your last name come from your mom instead of your dad.
For example, let's say your mom's name is Sarah Smith. Instead of having the last name "Johnson" like your dad, you might have the last name "Smith" to show that you are related to your mom's family.
Matronymics are used in some cultures where it's important to recognize both parents' families. It's kind of like a way of giving equal importance to both sides of the family.