Radiosity is like painting with light in a computer. It's a way to make 3D objects look like they're really in a room and interacting with the light in that room.
Imagine you're in your bedroom with your favorite toy box. If you turn on the lamp on your desk, the light from the lamp will shine on the walls and different parts of your toy box. The parts of the toy box that face the lamp will be brighter, while the parts that face away from the lamp will be darker.
Radiosity is a way to make this happen in a computer. It calculates how much light is bouncing around in a virtual room with 3D objects. It takes into account the color and material of each object, as well as how shiny or reflective it is.
So if you have a red ball in a virtual room with a blue wall, the radiosity calculation will make the red ball look slightly purple because it's reflecting the blue light from the wall.
Radiosity is used in 3D computer graphics to make virtual scenes look more realistic. Without it, a virtual room with a lamp might look like it's just sunny outside, even if you're trying to make it look like nighttime. But with radiosity, the virtual lamps in the room will cast soft shadows and the walls will look like they're glowing with the light.
It takes a lot of math and computer power to calculate radiosity, but it's worth it to make computer graphics look more like real life.