So imagine there's a man named Richard Herrnstein. He was a scientist who liked to study people and their intelligence. He believed that some people were born smarter than others and that this was partly because of their genes, which are like tiny instructions that tell your body how to be.
But some people didn't like what Richard Herrnstein said because they thought it wasn't fair to think some people were just born smarter than others. They said that everyone should have the same chance in life no matter what. So some people agreed with him and some people didn't, and they had lots of arguments about it.
In the end, Richard Herrnstein passed away in 1994, but people still talk about him today because his ideas about intelligence and genetics have influenced many debates about education, society, and justice.