Imagine you are playing a game of catch with your friend but your friend is a lot taller than you. Your friend has longer arms so he can throw the ball farther than you can. This means that even if you both throw the ball with the same amount of strength, your friend will be able to throw it farther than you.
Now, let's apply this idea to money. Just like how your friend has longer arms that give him an advantage in the game of catch, some people have more money than others, which gives them an advantage in life. This advantage is called "economic power."
Samuelson's inequality is a way of measuring just how unequal the distribution of economic power is in a group of people. It looks at the ratio of the GDP (Gross Domestic Product - a measure of the overall value of goods and services produced in a country) to the Gini coefficient (a measure of income inequality in the population).
In simpler terms, Samuelson's inequality helps us understand how much money is controlled by a small group of people versus how much money is controlled by the majority of people. If the number is high, it means that a small group of people control a large amount of the money, and if the number is low, it means that the money is more evenly distributed among the population.
Overall, Samuelson's inequality is an important tool that helps us understand just how fair or unfair the distribution of wealth and economic power is in a given population.