Unix is an operating system (like Windows or MacOS) and is used to run computer systems and manage files. On Unix, all files are classified by types that are designed to help you figure out what the file is and how it should be used.
The two main types of Unix files are executable files and non-executable files. Executable files are computer instructions that tell the computer what to do (like run a program). Non-executable files are not instructions, but instead are documents, images, music, etc.
Executable files usually end with a .exe extension and non-executable files usually have a different extension, like .pdf, .jpg, .mp3. That way, even if you don't know much about what the file is, you can tell by the extension what type of file it is.