Aleatoricism is when things happen by chance or randomly, like when you roll a dice and don't know which number it will show. It is like a game when you don't know what the outcome would be.
For example, think of a music composition. Normally, composers write down each note and tempo carefully, but sometimes they decide to make things a bit more fun and use aleatoricism. Imagine drawing lots from different bowls that have different musical notes and asking musicians to play those notes in exactly the order in which they were drawn. This can create a new and unique sound every time, and it can be fun for musicians to try new things.
In short, aleatoricism is just a fancy word for when people don't plan everything out and let the chance determine the outcome.