Filtration in mathematics means organizing a set of objects (usually, algebraic or geometric objects like groups or spaces) in a particular order or sequence.
Imagine you have a big box of toys. Your mom asks you to clean up your toys and put them into different boxes based on which toys you use more often. You decide to use three boxes: one for your favorite toys, one for toys you use sometimes, and one for toys you rarely use. You then pick out your most favorite toys and put them in the first box, toys you use sometimes in the second, and toys you rarely use in the third box. This is similar to filtration in mathematics!
In filtration, you take a big set of objects, and put them into different subsets or "boxes", called "levels", based on some sort of order or hierarchy. The ordering or hierarchy is based on some sort of property or feature that the objects have. For example, you could organize a set of shapes based on the number of sides they have - triangles would be in the first level, squares and rectangles in the second, pentagons in the third, and so on.
Filtrations can be very useful in mathematics because they allow you to study objects "one level at a time". When you study a set of objects one level at a time, you can sometimes see patterns or relationships between the objects that you couldn't see if you looked at the whole set all at once.
Just like how you picked your favorite toys and put them in the first box, mathematicians often have a particular interest in certain objects within a set, and use filtration to organize the set in such a way that the objects they're interested in are in the first few levels. This helps them focus their attention on the parts of the set that are most important or interesting to them.