Hubbard model

The Hubbard model is a way that scientists use to help understand how electrons, which are tiny particles that carry electricity, move around in a solid material.

Let's imagine that you and your friends are playing a game of tag, and you can only stand in certain spots on the playground. Just like how you are limited in where you can stand, electrons are also limited in where they can move in a solid material.

The Hubbard model helps us understand how electrons act when they are in a specific spot, called a lattice. Think of a lattice like a checkerboard pattern, where the electrons can only move from one square to the next along the lines connecting the squares.

Now, let's say that you and your friends also have a rule that you can't be in the same spot or square at the same time. This rule is similar to something called the Pauli exclusion principle, which says that electrons can't be in the same energy state or location as another electron.

The Hubbard model includes all of these rules and helps us predict how electrons will behave under certain conditions. By using this model, scientists can better understand the behavior of materials like metals and conductors.