The natural exponential family is a way of representing certain types of probability distributions. Probability distributions describe what could happen in a situation--what is the likelihood that a certain thing will happen? For example, if you roll a dice, there is a one in six chance that you will roll a six.
The natural exponential family describes how a few different types of probability distributions work. It tells us how the chance that something will happen will change if the situation changes in some way. For example, if the dice is rolled more times, the chance that you will roll a six might go up.
By understanding the natural exponential family, mathematicians and scientists can come up with better predictions of what will happen in certain situations. That way, they can plan better for the future.