New Spain was a country that existed in the 16th and 17th centuries. It was a Spanish colony in Central and South America. The people of New Spain kept loyal to the Spanish king, who protected them and gave them rules to follow. The Spanish also sent explorers to the area so they could learn more about the people, places, and things they were finding in the New World. New Spain eventually became the countries of Mexico, Peru, and Cuba. Today, people from those countries have a shared heritage and culture from their ancestors in New Spain.