Orthogonality principle

The orthogonality principle is like when you're playing with your building blocks and you have some pieces that fit together perfectly at a right angle (in the shape of an "L"). When two things are orthogonal, it means they are at a right angle to each other, like the pieces of your blocks.

So imagine you have two different things, like a picture of a cat and a picture of a dog. Even though they are different, they can still be orthogonal if they are not related to each other. For example, if you were trying to compare how fast the cat can run and how fast the dog can run, they are not really related, so they would be orthogonal.

The orthogonality principle is really important in lots of different things, like math and science. It helps us understand how different things are related (or not related) to each other, which can be really useful for solving problems or figuring things out.