Ok kiddo, imagine there's a big country and it's ruled by a king or a queen. That king or queen has to make sure that everything in the country is running smoothly, and they can't do it all by themselves. So they give some of their power to other important people who help them rule.
Now, imagine that one of those people who helps the king or queen is given a special area called a "stem duchy". This means that they have a lot of power in that area and they have to make sure that everything in that area is running smoothly too.
So, the stem duchy is a smaller part of the big country where someone else is in charge and they have a lot of important responsibilities to take care of. It's like giving your brother or sister their own part of the toy room to be in charge of so that your mom or dad doesn't have to do it all by themselves.