Abdominal surgery is a type of medical procedure used to treat or diagnose conditions inside of your belly (abdomen). During an abdominal surgery, a doctor will make a small cut into your belly and then insert a thin tube with a light and camera at the end (called a scope). This scope helps them see the organs and tissues inside of your abdomen on a screen. The doctor then performs certain treatments or collects samples from your abdomen depending on what kind of condition they are trying to diagnose or treat.