A cosmic-ray observatory is like a giant detector machine that scientists use to catch and study tiny particles that are always flying around us from outer space. Imagine that you are playing in your backyard and you see some ants crawling on the ground. You can try to catch them one by one, but it's hard to see where they are all coming from. Scientists have the same problem with cosmic rays because they are very small and come from all over the universe.
So, they built big observatories that can catch these tiny particles like a big butterfly net. They use lots of special equipment like big tanks filled with water or special materials that detect the cosmic rays when they hit. These instruments help scientists learn more about the nature of these particles and where they come from. Just like when you catch a butterfly, you can look at it closely to see what color it is, how its wings work, and what it eats. Cosmic-ray observatories help scientists look at particles closely to learn more about the universe we live in!