The "golden age of physics" refers to the period of time from around 1900 to about the 1940s, when many of the laws of physics were discovered. During this time, scientists like Albert Einstein, Niels Bohr, Max Planck, J.J. Thomson, and Ernest Rutherford made some really incredible discoveries. These discoveries explained a lot of things about how the world works, like how atoms are made, how energy and matter are related, and how light travels. These discoveries and the laws of physics were (and still are!) really important for our understanding of the universe and how things work in it.