Orthogonal function

An orthogonal function is a special type of function that behaves like a set of toys that don't bump into each other when you put them together. Imagine you have a bunch of blocks that are different shapes, like squares, circles, and triangles. If you try to stack them on top of each other, they might not fit together perfectly, since they have different sizes and shapes.

But imagine you have a set of blocks that are all the same size and shape, like cubes. You can stack them on top of each other in any order or arrangement, and they'll fit perfectly because they're all the same. That's kind of what an orthogonal function is like: it's a specific type of function that doesn't interfere with other functions in the same set when you put them together.

This is really useful when you're trying to solve complicated problems using math, because you can use these orthogonal functions to break down the problem into smaller, more manageable pieces. Each function acts like a building block that you can use to build up a bigger, more complex solution. And because they don't interfere with each other, you can use as many of these functions as you need to solve the problem, without worrying that they'll cause problems when you put them together.