Small population size means there aren't very many people in a certain group. For example, if you had a school that only had 18 students in it, that would be an example of a small population. It can be harder to study things in a small population because there isn't a lot of information or data to look at. When studying a small population, you have to be very careful with the results you get, because the results might not be true for other places or bigger populations.