"Lowest published lethal dose" refers to the smallest amount of a substance that can cause someone to die. It's like finding out how much candy you can eat before it makes you sick.
Scientists study different substances to find out how much of it can be deadly. They use animals, like rats or mice, to test the substance and see what amount causes harm. Then they publish that information so that doctors and people can know how much to avoid.
It's important to remember that just because a substance has a low lethal dose, it doesn't mean that it's always dangerous. All substances can be dangerous in large amounts, even things as harmless as water or oxygen. So it's always a good idea to follow safety guidelines and use any substance in moderation.