A medical test is when a doctor or nurse looks for clues about your health. They use some type of tool or equipment to get information about how your body works and what is going on inside your body. Some types of tests can tell if you have an illness or help find out how your body is responding to something like a disease or treatment. For example, if you have a sore throat, your doctor might use a medical test to see if you have a virus or a bacterial infection.